ABSTRACT
All the countries in the world are now searching for renewable, environmentally friendly alternative fuels due to the shortage and environmental problems related with the usage of conventional fuels. The cultivation of cereal and noncereal crops through agricultural activities produces waste biomasses, which are being evaluated as renewable and viable fossil fuel substitutes. The thermochemical properties and thermal degradation behavior of Sesbania grandiflora residues were investigated for this work. A fluidized bed reactor was used for fast pyrolysis in order to produce pyrolysis oil, char and gas. Investigations were done to analyze the effect of operating parameters such as temperature (350-550 °C), particle size (0.5-2.0 mm), sweeping gas flow rate (1.5-2.25 m3/h). The maximum of pyrolysis oil (44.7 wt%), was obtained at 425 °C for 1.5 mm particle size at the sweep gas flow rate of 2.0 m3/h. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods were used to examine the composition of the pyrolysis oil. The pyrolysis oil is rich with aliphatic, aromatic, phenolic, and some acidic chemicals. The physical characteristics of pyrolysis oil showed higher heating value of 19.76 MJ/kg. The char and gaseous components were also analyzed to find its suitability as a fuel.
Subject(s)
Hot Temperature , Sesbania , Biofuels , Temperature , BiomassABSTRACT
The propensity of manufacturers to produce goods at affordable cost, with more accuracy, and at a faster rate force them to search for novel solutions, such as deploying robots in place of people in a sector that can accommodate their needs. Welding is one of the most crucial processes in the automotive industry. This process is time-consuming, subject to error, and demands skilled professionals. The robotic application can improve this area of production and quality. Other industries, such as painting and material handling, can also profit from the use of robots. This work describes the fuzzy DC linear servo controller, which functions as a robotic arm actuator. Robots have been widely employed in most productive sectors in recent years, including assembly plates, welding, tasks at higher temperatures, etc. Controlling a robot accurately is a difficult undertaking as a robot is very nonlinear with many joints that are often organized and unstructured. To carry out the effective task, an effective PID control based on fuzzy logic has been employed together with the method of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach for the estimate of the parameter. This offline technique determines the lowest number of optimal robotic arm control parameters. To verify the controller design with computer simulation, a comparative assessment of controllers is given by means of a fuzzy surveillance controller with PSO which improves the parameter gain to provide a rapid climb, a smaller overflow, no steady condition error signal, and effective torque control of the robot arm.
